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Childhood Vaccination

Interventions to increase uptake

This map provides structured access to an up to date, high level, robust body of evidence on the broad topic of childhood vaccination. This map can be used to establish whether relevant and comprehensive secondary evidence has been published to answer specific questions on increasing uptake of vaccination in children up to 18 years of age and is intended for a range of audiences.

Date of last search: Jan 2025. Next update due: Jan 2026.

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Please note, you may need to scroll horizontally to see all the categories of evidence in the table.

	Population Groups
Interventions	Pregnancy/ post-partum	Under 5s	High Risk Group	5-to-18 years old	Parents/carers
Incentives / Competitions	Incentives / Competitions - Pregnancy/ post-partum	Incentives / Competitions - Under 5s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2022) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Vaccine uptake in the general population. NG218. The Community Guide (2014) Vaccination Programs: Reducing Client Out-of-Pocket Costs The community guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Client or Family Incentive Rewards The Community Guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Monetary Sanction Policies Oyo‐Ita A et al. (2016) Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries	Incentives / Competitions - High Risk Group National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2022) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Vaccine uptake in the general population. NG218.	Incentives / Competitions - 5-to-18 years old The Community Guide (2014) Vaccination Programs: Reducing Client Out-of-Pocket Costs The community guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Client or Family Incentive Rewards The Community Guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Monetary Sanction Policies	Incentives / Competitions - Parents/carers Adams J, et al. (2015) Effectiveness and acceptability of parental financial incentives and quasi-mandatory schemes for increasing uptake of vaccinations in preschool children: systematic review, qualitative study and discrete choice experiment.
Other Intervention	Other Intervention - Pregnancy/ post-partum	Other Intervention - Under 5s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2012) Hepatitis B and C testing: people at risk of infection. PH43. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2022) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Vaccine uptake in the general population. NG218. The community guide (2016) Vaccination Programs: Home Visits to Increase Vaccination Rates. The Community Guide (2016) Vaccination Programs: Requirements for Child Care, School, and College Attendance The community guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Standing Orders The Community Guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Provider Assessment and Feedback The Community Guide (2015) Promoting Health Equity Through Education Programs and Policies: School-Based Health Centers	Other Intervention - High Risk Group National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2012) Hepatitis B and C testing: people at risk of infection. PH43. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2022) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Vaccine uptake in the general population. NG218.	Other Intervention - 5-to-18 years old Abdullahi LH et al. (2020) Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents. The community guide (2016) Vaccination Programs: Home Visits to Increase Vaccination Rates. The Community Guide (2016) Vaccination Programs: Requirements for Child Care, School, and College Attendance The community guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Standing Orders The Community Guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Provider Assessment and Feedback The Community Guide (2015) Promoting Health Equity Through Education Programs and Policies: School-Based Health Centers	Other Intervention - Parents/carers Adams J, et al. (2015) Effectiveness and acceptability of parental financial incentives and quasi-mandatory schemes for increasing uptake of vaccinations in preschool children: systematic review, qualitative study and discrete choice experiment.
Patient incentives	Patient incentives - Pregnancy/ post-partum	Patient incentives - Under 5s	Patient incentives - High Risk Group	Patient incentives - 5-to-18 years old Abdullahi LH et al. (2020) Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents.	Patient incentives - Parents/carers
Provider incentives	Provider incentives - Pregnancy/ post-partum	Provider incentives - Under 5s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018) Flu vaccination: increasing uptake. NG103. Jia L et al. (2021) Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings.	Provider incentives - High Risk Group National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018) Flu vaccination: increasing uptake. NG103.	Provider incentives - 5-to-18 years old	Provider incentives - Parents/carers
Reminder/recall (provider)	Reminder/recall (provider) - Pregnancy/ post-partum	Reminder/recall (provider) - Under 5s The Community Guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Provider Reminders	Reminder/recall (provider) - High Risk Group	Reminder/recall (provider) - 5-to-18 years old The Community Guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Provider Reminders	Reminder/recall (provider) - Parents/carers
Reminder/recall (patient)	Reminder/recall (patient) - Pregnancy/ post-partum	Reminder/recall (patient) - Under 5s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018) Flu vaccination: increasing uptake. NG103. Palmer MJ et al. (2020) Targeted client communication via mobile devices for improving maternal, neonatal, and child health. Jacobson Vann JC et al. (2018) Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates	Reminder/recall (patient) - High Risk Group National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018) Flu vaccination: increasing uptake. NG103.	Reminder/recall (patient) - 5-to-18 years old Jacobson Vann JC et al. (2018) Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates	Reminder/recall (patient) - Parents/carers
Health literacy	Health literacy - Pregnancy/ post-partum	Health literacy - Under 5s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018) Flu vaccination: increasing uptake. NG103. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2012) Hepatitis B and C testing: people at risk of infection. PH43. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2022) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Vaccine uptake in the general population. NG218. Kaufman J et al. (2018) Face‐to‐face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination. The Community Guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Community-Wide Education When Used Alone The Community Guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Provider Education When Used Alone Oyo‐Ita A et al. (2016) Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries Saeterdal I et al. (2014) Interventions aimed at communities to inform and/or educate about early childhood vaccination	Health literacy - High Risk Group National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018) Flu vaccination: increasing uptake. NG103. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2012) Hepatitis B and C testing: people at risk of infection. PH43. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2022) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Vaccine uptake in the general population. NG218.	Health literacy - 5-to-18 years old Abdullahi LH et al. (2020) Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents. The Community Guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Community-Wide Education When Used Alone The Community Guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Provider Education When Used Alone Saeterdal I et al. (2014) Interventions aimed at communities to inform and/or educate about early childhood vaccination	Health literacy - Parents/carers
Multicomponent Interventions	Multicomponent Interventions - Pregnancy/ post-partum	Multicomponent Interventions - Under 5s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018) Flu vaccination: increasing uptake. NG103. The community guide (2014) Vaccination Programs: Community-Based Interventions Implemented in Combination The community guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Client or Family Incentive Rewards Oyo‐Ita A et al. (2016) Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries	Multicomponent Interventions - High Risk Group National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018) Flu vaccination: increasing uptake. NG103.	Multicomponent Interventions - 5-to-18 years old Abdullahi LH et al. (2020) Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents. The community guide (2014) Vaccination Programs: Community-Based Interventions Implemented in Combination The community guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Client or Family Incentive Rewards	Multicomponent Interventions - Parents/carers
Improving access	Improving access - Pregnancy/ post-partum Turnbull C, Osborn DA. (2012) Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem	Improving access - Under 5s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018) Flu vaccination: increasing uptake. NG103. The community guide (2016) Vaccination Programs: Home Visits to Increase Vaccination Rates. The Community Guide (2015) Promoting Health Equity Through Education Programs and Policies: School-Based Health Centers Oyo‐Ita A et al. (2016) Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries	Improving access - High Risk Group National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018) Flu vaccination: increasing uptake. NG103. Turnbull C, Osborn DA. (2012) Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem	Improving access - 5-to-18 years old The community guide (2016) Vaccination Programs: Home Visits to Increase Vaccination Rates. The Community Guide (2015) Promoting Health Equity Through Education Programs and Policies: School-Based Health Centers	Improving access - Parents/carers
Reminder/recall services	Reminder/recall services - Pregnancy/ post-partum	Reminder/recall services - Under 5s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2022) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Vaccine uptake in the general population. NG218. Pantoja T et al. (2019) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes. The community guide (2016) Vaccination Programs: Client-Held Paper Immunization Records The community guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants & Children (WIC) Settings The community guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Client Reminder and Recall Systems The community guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Client or Family Incentive Rewards The Community Guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Monetary Sanction Policies Oyo‐Ita A et al. (2016) Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries	Reminder/recall services - High Risk Group National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2022) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Vaccine uptake in the general population. NG218.	Reminder/recall services - 5-to-18 years old Abdullahi LH et al. (2020) Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents. Pantoja T et al. (2019) Manually‐generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes. Posadzki P et al. (2016) Automated telephone communication systems for preventive healthcare and management of long‐term conditions. The community guide (2016) Vaccination Programs: Client-Held Paper Immunization Records The community guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants & Children (WIC) Settings The community guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Client Reminder and Recall Systems The community guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Client or Family Incentive Rewards The Community Guide (2015) Vaccination Programs: Monetary Sanction Policies	Reminder/recall services - Parents/carers

Childhood Vaccination

Interventions to increase uptake

Population Groups

Interventions

Incentives / Competitions - Pregnancy/ post-partum

Incentives / Competitions - Under 5s

Incentives / Competitions - High Risk Group

Incentives / Competitions - 5-to-18 years old

Incentives / Competitions - Parents/carers

Other Intervention - Pregnancy/ post-partum

Other Intervention - Under 5s

Other Intervention - High Risk Group

Other Intervention - 5-to-18 years old

Other Intervention - Parents/carers

Patient incentives - Pregnancy/ post-partum

Patient incentives - Under 5s

Patient incentives - High Risk Group

Patient incentives - 5-to-18 years old

Patient incentives - Parents/carers

Provider incentives - Pregnancy/ post-partum

Provider incentives - Under 5s

Provider incentives - High Risk Group

Provider incentives - 5-to-18 years old

Provider incentives - Parents/carers

Reminder/recall (provider) - Pregnancy/ post-partum

Reminder/recall (provider) - Under 5s

Reminder/recall (provider) - High Risk Group

Reminder/recall (provider) - 5-to-18 years old

Reminder/recall (provider) - Parents/carers

Reminder/recall (patient) - Pregnancy/ post-partum

Reminder/recall (patient) - Under 5s

Reminder/recall (patient) - High Risk Group

Reminder/recall (patient) - 5-to-18 years old

Reminder/recall (patient) - Parents/carers

Health literacy - Pregnancy/ post-partum

Health literacy - Under 5s

Health literacy - High Risk Group

Health literacy - 5-to-18 years old

Health literacy - Parents/carers

Multicomponent Interventions - Pregnancy/ post-partum

Multicomponent Interventions - Under 5s

Multicomponent Interventions - High Risk Group

Multicomponent Interventions - 5-to-18 years old

Multicomponent Interventions - Parents/carers

Improving access - Pregnancy/ post-partum

Improving access - Under 5s

Improving access - High Risk Group

Improving access - 5-to-18 years old

Improving access - Parents/carers

Reminder/recall services - Pregnancy/ post-partum

Reminder/recall services - Under 5s

Reminder/recall services - High Risk Group

Reminder/recall services - 5-to-18 years old

Reminder/recall services - Parents/carers