Glossary

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in any

setting

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in any

setting in which there is a disease outbreak.

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in colleges or universities.

Settings where food is sold. Includes restaurants, cafes, supermarkets, cinemas and vending machines.

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in the community.

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in prisons or juvenile/young offenders detention settings.

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in early education and childcare settings including preschools, childcare centres, crèches, playgroups, day care nurseries, and nursery schools.

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in any educational setting from primary school up to higher education.

Reviews in this category include interventions aiming to change or impact the physical environment. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for the physical environment. 

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in events

settings, such as festivals.

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered to families, usually in their own homes.

Reviews in this category include intervention delivered in any healthcare setting (primary or secondary).

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in more

than one setting

National, regional, or local policy action that include regulation, taxation, subsidy, public-private partnership, voluntary agreements, workplace policies.

Reviews in this category do not describe a specific setting.

Interventions delivered in a setting which is not specifically identified as a setting of interest in the  map of interest.

Reviews in this category focus on interventions delivered in

outdoor settings, such as beaches, woods, forests and parks.

Reviews in this category include interventions undertaken in primary care settings (such as GP surgeries). Guidance in this category includes recommendations for implementation in primary care settings. 

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in profit,

non-profit or governmental organisations

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered to children residing in residential care settings, or in foster/kinship care. 

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in schools or preschools.

Reviews in this category include interventions undertaken in secondary care settings (such as hospitals). Guidance in this category includes recommendations for implementation in secondary care settings. 

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in a

social care setting.

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in supported living accommodation or care homes

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered online, via phone or email.

Reviews in this cateogry include interventions delivered in the

voluntary sector.

Reviews in this category include interventions delivered in any workplace settings. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this setting.

Reviews in this category include children 5 years and over. Guidelines in this category cover this age group. 

Reviews in this category include adolescents (aged 11-18). Guidelines in this category cover this age group. 

Reviews in this category include studies on adults aged 18+. Guidelines in this category cover this age group

Reviews in this category include studies targeting adults living with overweight and obesity.

Reviews in this category focus on adults aged 18 or over who need a high level of support with many aspects of their daily life, and rely on a range of health and social care services.

Reviews in this category include studies targeting adults with poor diet.

Reviews in this category focus on asylum seekers. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group. 

Reviews in this category include interventions undertaken in children who may be deemed as 'at risk' of experiencing harm, or who have needs for care and support. This includes looked after children and young people. 

Reviews in this category focus on people bereaved or affected by suspected suicide. Guidelines in this category cover this population group. 

Reviews in this category focus on Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic persons. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this group. 

Reviews in this category focuses on individuals who provide direct care i.e., social or physical support to an ill or ageing relative. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people who reside in care homes. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category include studies on children and adolescents (aged 0-18). Guidelines in this category cover this age group.

Reviews in this category focus on children and young people aged up to 25. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this group. 

Reviews in this category focus on people with a current or previous history of substance misuse. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on domestic violence victims or perpetrators. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people who misuse opioids, stimulants and cannabis in the healthcare and criminal justice systems. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on the general population

Reviews in this category focus on the general population as a whole or specify no particular population inclusion criteria. Guidelines in this category cover the general population or are not specific to a certain population group. 

Reviews in this category focus on those from the Gypsy, Roma and traveller communities. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on healthcare professionals

Reviews in this category focus on healthcare students

Cochrane

Reviews in this category focus on groups identified as being at higher risk of not receiving routine childhood vaccinations, such as young substance misusers, young offenders, new entrants (asylum seekers, gypsy, travellers), children with learning disabilities, young people with long-term care and pregnant or postpartum women with an alcohol or drug problem. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people who are homeless or sleep rough. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people who are unable to leave their home environment through physical or psychological illness. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category include studies measuring Intake or purchasing at a household rather than individual level.

An umbrella term used to describe people who are socially excluded, who typically experience multiple overlapping risk factors for poor health, such as poverty, violence and complex trauma. This includes people who experience homelessness, drug and alcohol dependence, vulnerable migrants, Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities, sex workers, people in contact with the justice system and victims of modern slavery. [1]

Reviews in this category focus on people diagnosed with an learning disability. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focuses on individuals living with any condition or impairment that makes it more difficult to paricipate in or complete certain activities and or restricts interaction with the world around them. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Cochrane

Reviews in this category include studies targeting those with low socioeconomic status.

Reviews in this category focus on men. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people diagnosed with a mental health condition of any kind. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on men, including those who do not identify themselves as homosexual or bisexual, who engage in sexual activity with other men. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Cochrane

Reviews in this category focus on migrants. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on military or ex military populations. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Cochrane

There were no restrictions on who received the intervention

in reviews of this category.

Reviews in this category do not describe a specific population.

Reviews in this category focus on Adults aged 65 and over. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this group. 

Categories not covered by the other Population categories included in this map.

Reviews in thic category focus on a specific population group, but not categorised elsewhere in this map. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for specific population groups not categorised elsewhere in the map. 

Reviews in this category focuses on individuals who have parental responsibility for a child (as defined by the Children's Act 1989) and who will have a key role to play in planning and making decisions about their child's health and care, particularly when they are young. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people with a past history of suicide attempts or self harm. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focuses on individuals receiving medical care or treatment. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people at risk of low

wellbeing and loneliness.

Reviews in this category focus on people from non-English speaking families. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people who have not registered with a primary-care provider. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people who have home visits for healthcare. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people who are living with

cancer.

Reviews in this category focus on people with a pre-existing physical health condition of any kind. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group. 

Reviews in this category focus on police officers.

Reviews in this category focus on populations with a pre-existing health conditions (physical or mental). Guidelines in this category include recommendations for people with pre-existing health conditions. 

Reviews in this category focus on pregnant or post-partum women. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category include interventions undertaken in preschool age children (those under 5).

Reviews in this category include interventions undertaken in children of primary school age (5-11).

Reviews in this category focus on prisoners or ex prisoners. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on people from religious communities. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Populations living in rural areas. 

Reviews in this category include interventions undertaken in children of secondary school age, up to the age of eighteen (11-18). 

Reviews in this category focus on a particular occupational group. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for specific occupational groups.

Reviews in this category focus on university students. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category focus on supervisors of employees

who are held responsible for their work and actions.

Reviews in this category focus on transgender populations. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category include children less than 5 years of age. Guidelines in this category cover this age group. 

People who have never been screened, are overdue or are non-responders to invitations to national screening programmes. 

Reviews in this category focus on women. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Reviews in this category include studies in adults aged 18-25. Guidelines in this category cover this age group.

Reviews in this category focus on young people leaving long-term care. Guidelines in this category include recommendations for this population group.

Advice or guidance given to an individual around behaviour change or lifestyle modification. Could include signposting to relevant services. 

Unconventional smoking cessation aids, including but not limited to: acupuncture, exercise, the Allen Carr method, hypnosis, and herbal remedies. The NHS does not suggest or recommend hypnosis or acupuncture as there's not enough evidence they help with smoking cessation.

Any intervention which uses the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale to measure outcomes

Interventions to address emotional difficulties, using the medium of art, such as music, arts and craft, dancing, drama, film, podcasting, theatre, creative writing, photography, painting, pottery, new media/digital arts. Art interventions may also use art therapy (a form of psychotherapy). 
 

Interventions incorporating leisure activities such as music, crafts, cooking, singing, cultural programmes etc. for entertainment and recreational purposes.

Coordinated sets of activities designed to change specified behaviour patterns.

Behavioural therapies which could be brief (such as brief advice) or more intensive (such as multiple counselling sessions). Interventions could be general or tailored to specific individuals. Behavioural therapies may be underpinned by theoretical frameworks to help them achieve their aims.

Bupropion (brand name Zyban) is a medicine originally used to treat depression, but it has since been found to help people quit smoking.

Structured programs, workshops, or sessions that equip caregivers with the knowledge and techniques to effectively nurture and support children. Training may cover topics like child development, behaviour management, and communication, aiming to improve parent-child interaction and overall parenting quality.

Interventions involving case management for individuals

Interventions to change peoples general attitude to drinking or change social norms around alcohol use. For example, this could include things such as: interventions to help people undertand the risk and impact of alcohol related harm, alcohol education in school curriculums and regulating the alcohol marketing industry. 

Structured, supportive relationships where a coach or mentor works with an individual to help them enhance their social, emotional and mental wellbeing, such as via building self-awareness, developing coping strategies and fostering positive relationships. 

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a talking therapy that can help poeple manage problems by changing the way they think and behave.

Workplace specific combined interventions with components targeting both individual and collective behaviour at multiple levels.

Interventions involving collaborative work with groups of people with a similar interest to address issues affecting mental wellbeing.

A type of talking therapy (psychological therapy) where a counsellor listens to you and helps the recipient find their own solutions to problems. May include genetic/genomic counselling, whereby a counsellor with expertise in genetics helps the recipient understand and adapt to genetic conditions that run in their family.

Interventions where a part of the school curriculum is adapted.

Cytisinicline is an alkaloid that is used to help people quit tobacco use. There are several formulations available, with the most common one being Cystisine. 

Decision aids help people decide on healthcare options. They give evidence-based information on the options available, along with likely outcomes, benefits, harms and uncertainties. (NICE)

The teaching and learning of emotional intelligence and regulation skills through structured educational methods, for example, classroom activities to help individuals understand, manage and utilize their emotions effectively. 
 

Interventions / programmes accessed or delivered via technology platforms (e.g. computers, smartphones, virtual reality, wearables). Intervention content can be generic or individualised/tailored and can be used by healthcare professionals to track and support patients.

Interventions / programmes accessed or delivered via technology platforms (e.g. computers, smartphones, virtual reality, wearables). Intervention content can be generic or individualised/tailored.

Early education and/or childcare services aiming to improve the social, emotional and cognitive development of vulnerable children and families.

Educational teaching aiming to do things such as inform on a subject or provide awareness/information. For example: classroom based diadctic and experimental programmes or academic courses.

Electronic nicotine and non-nicotine delivery systems (‎EN&NNDS)‎ are a heterogeneous class of products that use an electrically powered coil to heat and turn a liquid into an aerosol, which is inhaled by the user.

Interventions involving environmental or conservation activities

Interventions that aim to make physical changes to the environment as a way to try to alter a particular behaviour. 

Measures aimed at supporting retailers to comply with tobacco sale regulations and prevent illegal sales such as underage sales, sales of illicit/counterfeit tobacco and including training, guidance, monitoring, or enforcement support provided to retailers.

Measures to alter or control the physical or social environment, or any course of action, programme or activity taken that is mandated by national or local authorities.

Interventions involving bodily movement (including during leisure time) that result in energy expenditure which may be tailored to an individuals needs. This could include movement such as through sport, dance, Tai Chi Qigong, walking, stretching, weights and group exercise.

Family hubs are a UK Government provision bringing together local services and advice for babies, children, young people and their families. They provide a single place for families to go for support and information from a variety of services. 
 

Interventions providing additional support at home, to improve the social, emotional, and cognitive development of vulnerable children and families. Support could be universal or targeted and family-centered.  

Interventions to support families such as flexible fee charging schemes for low-income families, referrals to community services (such as social workers, mental health professionals, rehabilitation services), or facilitation of parent-to-parent support. 
 

Families and Schools Together (FAST) is a schools-based intervention for families with a primary school-aged child. Parents and children attend eight weekly, after-school sessions delivered a trained, multi-agency team of educators, members of the community and parents. During these sessions, parents and children participate together in activities aimed at strengthening family relationships, promoting positive child behaviour, and improving children’s academic success (Foundations, 2025). 
 

The Fostering Healthy Futures programme is a positive youth development program that uses mentoring and skills training to empower care-experienced young people. 
 

Safe and supportive environment interventions may include things such as: enacting appropriate policies in key settings (schools, workplaces etc), partnership working to prevent alcohol related harm within communities and interventions to reduce the numbers of people drinking and driving. 

Genetic testing – sometimes called genomic testing – finds changes in genes that can cause health problems. It's mainly used to diagnose rare and inherited health conditions and some cancers. (NHS England)

The Good Behaviour Game is a universal intervention for classes of primary school children, aiming to encourage prosocial behaviour and reduce disruptive behaviour. It is delivered by teachers to classes of approximately 15 to 30 children for the duration of the school year (Foundations, 2025).

A GP decision and communication recommending other scans, tests or screening. 

Interventions that aim to improve an individual's ability to access, understand, appraise and apply health information in order to make sound health decisions about vaccination

Interventions aimed at enabling individuals or populations to improve their health (mental wellbeing).

Educational interventions generally delivered as part of the school curriculum, which focus on health and wellbeing topics, and take place during lesson time. 

Interventions using homelike models of care for residents of long-

term care facilities

Interventions involving the improvement of community

infrastructure

Interventions that aim to improve patient access to vaccinations, such as home visits

Interventions offering an incentive as a way to change a particular behaviour. 

An immediate response, by one or more individuals, to the acute distress experienced by another individual designed to ensure safety and recovery and lasting no longer than a month. E.g. home based care with intensive case management and initial crisis intervention, joint crisis plans, advance treatment statements, contact with community mental health teams etc.

Handwritten plans to help individuals in crisis remember why they want to live and manage their stress more effectively, or to recognise triggers, identify coping strategies, provide contact details of help/support etc.

Interventions / strategies to help people reduce the risk and make it as safe as possible when self harming.

Information and support provided to people as well as families/carers which could include explanatory and/or practical information.

Interventions with multiple different components, but all applied at an indicated level (aimed at persons already known to be vulnerable to sucide and self-harm, or who have attempted suicide).

Interventions to prevent a condition which include the use of natural therapies, methods or materials (e.g. dietary supplementation of Omega-3 fatty acids).

Prescribed drugs to help prevent / treat a condition. E.g. antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilisers etc.

Theraputic interventions/treatments to produce change in psychological, social, biological and/or functional outcomes. Interventions might help people to improve their general coping skills, tackle specific problems, manage psychiatric disorders, improve self-esteem etc. Examples include cognitive behavioural therapy, dialetical behaviour therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy etc. 

Active follow-up care following emergency department visit for a suicide attempt. This could include things such as text message or home visit follow-up and could occur at various time points. 

Intensive Family Preservation Programmes (IFPPs) are short-term, intensive interventions which are utilised during a period of crisis when there is an imminent risk of a child entering care. They aim to resolve crises by providing direct support to a family by improving skills and resilience and indirect support through linking families to additional services (HTW, 2023). 

Intergenerational interventions designed to improve the wellbeing of older people, such as reminiscence

Interventions designed to improve health and social outcomes

Any intervention designed to improve life satsifaction

Interventions designed to improve social capital outcomes-

neighbourhood belonging, social support networks and community cohesion

Interventions designed to promote wellbeing at work

Interventions designed to reduce loneliness

As alcohol misuse not only harms the individual drinker but may also effect the health and wellbeing of their wider family, this category includes interventions such as:  support to families of those with alcohol misuse disorders, support for pregnant women to reduce drinking etc. 

Provision of food or meals via home delivery, places where people congregate or via a research/community clinic.

Multicomponent individual behaviour change interventions with coaching and peer support - share knowledge; peer support; monitoring; feedback; goal setting; skill building. Delivered in-person.

Multicomponent individual behaviour change interventions with coaching and peer support - share knowledge; monitoring; feedback; goal setting; skill building. Could be delivered via digital platforms, social media, or telephone.

Developed to support kinship carers to provide stability, safety and where possible, permanency for the children in their care. They provide specialist personnel, information and infrastructure to support kinship caregivers to learn about and access support to which they are entitled. 

A lay health worker is a lay person who has received some training to deliver healthcare services but is not a health professional. They have different names in different settings, including community health workers and promotora. Rather than being seen as lesser trained health workers, lay health workers represent a different type of health worker. They often live in the same community in which they work, and often have a close relationship with recipients. (Cochrane)

Interventions delivered via media platforms such as mass media or social media. Generally content is not individualised.

Any intervention designed to promote mental health, such as counselling or mental health first aid

Practices which help individuals develop awareness and presence in the moment, such as breathing exercises, mindful attention, or increasing awareness of body sensation or thoughts and feelings.

Motivational interviewing is an evidence-based psychological intervention. It supports a person to explore and resolve their uncertainty about change and helps establish a therapeutic relationship.

Interventions consisting of multiple components, targeted at different levels (universal, selective or indicated). For example: Multi-agency partnerships for preventing suicide.

More than one element from any of the other categories

Physical activity interventions consisting of multiple separate components. For example, an exercise programme, plus advice and guidance, plus a media campaign. 

National Campaigns aiming to promote a certain behaviour change (e.g. to increase childrens physical activity).

Nicotine pouches are teabag-like pouches filled with a fibrous white powder infused with nicotine and other ingredients such as sweeteners and flavourings. While there is limited reasearch on the health effects of using nicotine pouches, research has shown that some products are harmful. Because of this, these are not considered traditional NRTs.

Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) is a medicine that provides people with a low level of nicotine, without the tar, carbon monoxide and other poisonous chemicals present in tobacco smoke. It can help reduce unpleasant withdrawal effects, such as bad moods and cravings, which may occur when stopping smoking.

Interventions involving occupational therapy or physical activity

Interventions that do not fit into one of the other intervention categories included on the specific map of interest.

Drug-based smoking cessation therapies, including but not limited to: cytisine, clozapine, fluoxetine, galantamine, naltrexone and nortriptyline.

Therapies which include, but are not limited to: incentives, peer support and social support

Interventions involving parents in school decision-making groups and engaging parents in school via other activities. This includes involving parents and children in family-based activities.

Interventions where suport and guidance is provided by religious or spiritual leaders.

Interventions that provide incentives to patients to get vaccinated, such as monetary or non-monetary rewards

An intervention to increase uptake of screening programes, which includes: peer counseling, peer education, and peer navigation. 

Interventions to change the availability or proximity of food, for example, to seating in an office.

Policy interventions that could be delivered via regulation, partnership agreement or voluntary actions at national, regional or local level including worksites. For example: taxation of foods, trans fat bans, front of pack labelling, menu labelling, default options in restaurants, salt reduction, advertising, marketing, promotion, reformulation.

Changes to portion size, package, unit or tableware size of foods provided in individual interventions or in cafes, restaurants or supermarkets.

Interventions which aim to reduce ingredients like sodium and sugars in foods through reformulation.

Taxation of sugar-added or high fat food products above set thresholds. Subsidies for fruits and vegetables or other healthy foods.

Calorie labelling on a food product or menu.

Cochrane

Interventions that aim to increase providers' knowledge or change their attitudes about vaccinations

Interventions that provide incentives to those who administer vaccinations, such as a payment per patient vaccinated

Interventions aimed at equipping individuals or populations with information on how to manage, treat or cope with issues affecting their mental wellbeing.

Theraputic interventions/treatments to produce change in psychological, social, biological and/or functional outcomes. Interventions might help people to improve their general coping skills, tackle specific problems, manage psychiatric disorders, improve self-esteem etc. Examples include cognitive behavioural therapy, dialetical behaviour therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy etc. 

Interventions aimed at alleviating issues affecting mental wellbeing through conversation.

Psychotherapy (also called talk therapy) refers to a variety of treatments that aim to help a person identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviours.

Interventions to reduce the affordability of alcohol (as affordability influences consumption), such as taxation. 

Reducing the availability of alcohol via legislation, policies, programmes or interventions such as those which may reduce the density of outlets selling alcohol, limit alcohol outlet selling hours or enact a minimum age for alcohol purchase etc. 

Interventions that focus on improving the quality of relationships between individuals.

Interventions that provide reminder or recall services to patients to get vaccinated

Interventions that provide reminders to those who administer vaccinations that individual patients are due for specific vaccinations

Interventions that provide reminders or recall services to patients and providers for upcoming vaccinations.

Structural determinents of health are the economic policies and systems, development agendas, social norms, social policies, and political systems that create differential access to the social determinents of health, or the conditions in which people live. 

(Spolum et al 2025)

Interventions aimed at increasing resliliency amongst individuals

The act of identifying possible risks, calculating how likely they are to happen and estimating what effects they might have. In clinical settings, risk factor assessment can include risk factor questionnaires and computer programmes assessing a person's risk status.

Interventions that aim to change the physical environment of the school, with the aim of promoting health and wellbeing. 

Interventions to change the social environment (ethos) of the school, with the aim of promoting health and wellbeing. 

Counselling patients who may have anxiety or cultural concerns around screening, to improve uptake. 

An invitation sent to individuals to attend a screening appointment, which is a test to detect potential health issues. Can include fixed or open appointments, letters, telephone calls, verbal recommendations, prompts and follow‐up letters. (Gov.UK)

Interventions to raise awareness in the community, or specific settings, of the scale and impact of a subject, address common misconceptions & encourage help-seeking etc.

Educational teaching aiming to do things such as inform on a subject or provide awareness/information. For example: classroom based diadctic and experimental programmes or academic courses.

Interventions designed to equip people/professionals in particular settings to increase knowledge and skills, identify warning signs and refer to other services.

Interventions designed to restrict means to suicide (e.g. physical barriers, preventing access, reducing environmental hazards),

Interventions with multiple different components, but all applied at a selective level (focusing on subpopulations with an elevated risk).

Interventions to prevent a condition which include the use of natural therapies, methods or materials (e.g. dietary supplementation of Omega-3 fatty acids).

Prescribed drugs to help prevent / treat a condition. E.g. antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilisers etc.

Therapeutic interventions/treatments to produce change in psychological, social, biological and/or functional outcomes. Interventions might help people to improve their general coping skills, tackle specific problems, manage psychiatric disorders, improve self-esteem etc. Examples include cognitive behavioural therapy, dialetical behaviour therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy etc. 

Self-help therapies are psychological therapies that can be undertaken in a person's own time to help with problems like stress, anxiety and depression.

Using a kit provided by screening services to produce a sample at home, particularly for cervical and bowel cancer screening. 

Interventions aimed at delivering and providing services to alleviate issues pertaining to mental wellbeing.

Interventions that provide service users with details of organisations or agencies that may be able to provide assistance.

Shared decision making interventions include four key components: (i) two or more participants (one of them being a woman facing a breast cancer screening decision), (ii) information must be shared between participants, (iii) both parties must participate in the decision-making process (discussing values and preferences), and (iv) a decision must be made or actively deferred (Charles 1997). One of the participants is usually a healthcare professional. The process may or may not include the use of decision aids.

(Find Cochrane review to use as a reference)

Interventions aimed at developing and learning techniques with the aim of improving mental wellbeing.

Smoke free policies or legislation, implemented universally or in certain settings. For example, banning smoking in public spaces. 

Interventions that provide opportunities for increased support to an individual through social ties to other individuals, groups, and the larger community

Interventions involving sport and dance

Interventions designed to improve an individual's ability to manage stress

Interventions designed to improve the wellbeing of supervisors

Behaviour change interventions such as those that may aim to raise awareness of harmful drinking and help individuals to make changes to their drinking habits. 

Interventions to promote active travel or transport options, or to increase rates of active travel. 

Interventions to raise awareness in the community, or specific settings, of the scale and impact of a subject, address common misconceptions & encourage help-seeking etc.

Interventions designed to equip people/professionals in particular settings to increase knowledge and skills, identify warning signs and refer to other services.

Interventions designed to restrict means to suicide (e.g. physical barriers, preventing access, reducing environmental hazards),

Developing plans with the media to promote guidance on best practice for media reporting of suicide.

Interventions with multiple different components, but all applied at a universal level (targeting the general population with coverage of the population as a whole).

designed to increase knowledge of suicide and help seeking

Universal smoking cessation interventions are targeted towards or available to the general population. This includes pharmacist-led interventions, quit lines and mass media campaigns. It could also include social support interventions, if delivered or available universally.

Varenicline (also known as Champix) is a medicine that can help stop smoking. It was only available on prescription. It reduces the cravings for nicotine and helps with the withdrawal symptoms people get when stopping smoking.

Interventions that involve video calling for older people

Interventions/programmes accessed or delivered via technology platforms (e.g. computers, smartphones, virtual reality, wearables). Intervention content can be generic or individualised/tailored.
 

Interventions that involve volunterering in any capacity

Interventions that include any act of giving time (unpaid) to help an organisation, community or individual with the aim of sharing expertise, skills, experience or providing a positive benefit.

"A local whole systems approach responds to complexity through an ongoing, dynamic and flexible way of working. It enables local stakeholders, including communities, to come together, share an understanding of the reality of the challenge, consider how the local system is operating and where there are the greatest opportunities for change. Stakeholders agree actions and decide as a network how to work together in an integrated way to bring about sustainable, long term systems change" (PHE Definition, 2019)

Youth-led projects that build young people's self-esteem, purpose, decision-making, leadership, and social skills. Examples include community volunteering, personal mentoring, sports, recreation, and youth leadership programs.

Participation in leisure-time organised sport (a structured activity through an organisation, requiring physical exertion and/or physical skill which is generally accepted as being a sport).

The review includes any measures of acceptability, such as levels of adherence, or satisfaction with the intervention studied. 

Changes in participants levels of active travel, including uptake of active travel options post-intervention.

The review includes response to a vaccine which is noxious and unintended as an outcome of interest.

The review includes any reported barriers or facilitators to successful implementation of the interventions studied.
 

Intake of calcium. Usually estimated through self-reported food intake paired with a nutritional composition database.

Participants who have stopped smoking post-intervention.

The review includes a measure of change in drug or alcohol consumption as an outcome of interest.

Any change in loneliness measured using a validated scale (e.g. UCLA loneliness scale).

Changes in participants levels of physical activity.

Any decrease or increase in vaccination rates

The review includes change in parent or patient attitudes, perceptions and beliefs as an outcome of interest.

Changes to the overall rates of people smoking across a population.

Intake of chocolate. Could be directly observed or self-reported.

Changes in numbers of cigarettes participants smoked per day.

Cost of the intervention

Energy intake at a meal, from snacks or over a whole day. Could be directly observed and weighed or self-reported.

Energy selected or purchased (consumption unknown). Could be directly observed, from electronic sales systems or self-reported.

Intake of total or saturated fat. Usually estimated through self-reported food intake paired with a nutritional composition database.

Intake of fibre. Usually estimated through self-reported food intake paired with a nutritional composition database. Dietary fibre is a term that is used for carbohydrates found naturally in plants. Unlike other carbohydrates (such as sugars and most starches), dietary fibre is not digested in the small intestine and reaches the large intestine intact.

Intake of fruits and or vegetables. Self-reported most often as portions per day or frequency. Could be meeting 5-a-day guideline.

Whether an individual is willing to quit smoking.

The review includes outcomes that do not fit into one of the other outcome categories included on the specific map of interest.

The review includes other outcomes that might be of interest, such as unintended consequences, or economic outcomes. 

The review includes patient satisfaction as outcome of interest.

The review includes change in the prevalence of substance misuse disorders as an outcome of interest.

Intake of protein or protein-rich foods like meat. Usually estimated through self-reported food intake paired with a nutritional composition database.

The review includes service provision or process outcomes of the health services provided as an outcome of interest

A quit attempt is defined as planned if smokers set a quit date at some future time point. An unplanned quit attempt is defined as a sudden decision not to smoke any more cigarettes including those that might be remaining in the current pack.

Preventing resumption of smoking after successful smoking cessation and abstinence.

Intake of salt. Usually estimated through self-reported food intake paired with a nutritional composition database as well as usual habits for adding salt to food at the point of consumption.

Subjective or objective measures of:
Educational attainment (for example reading, maths and science), absenteeism, exclusion, school environment. 
 

Deliberate injury to oneself.

Numbers of participants who have started to smoke post-intervention.

Participants intention to start smoking post-intervention.

Change to an individuals smoking status (E.g previous smoker now quit, or previous non-smoker now smoking).

Subjective or objective measures of:
Happiness, life satisfaction, communication skills, confidence or self-esteem, planning and problem-solving skills, relationships skills, cooperating with others and negotiating conflict, resilience and determination, managing feelings, engagement, belonging or connectedness , quality of life.

Improved participation in society through enhancing opportunities, access to resources, voice and respect for rights.

Improved access to support provided through social ties to other individuals, groups, and the larger community

Intake of foods with sugar added. Could be directly observed or self-reported.

Intake of sugar-sweetened drinks. Could be directly observed or self-reported.

Purchases or sales of sugar-sweetened drinks. Could be directly observed, electronic sales systems or self-reported.

The act or instance of taking ones own life voluntarily and intentionally.

Increase in the rate of screening to test for an increased risk of bowel cancer.

The review includes a measure of uptake of drugs or alcohol as an outcome of interest.

The number of people who have received a vaccination

Whole diet quality can be measured using a range of scores applied to self-reported food and nutrient intakes. Usually indicates the degree to which individuals are meeting dietary guidelines for a range of foods or nutrients, with higher score representing a healthier diet.

Intake of food containing the whole grain like bread, pasta, rice, corn, barley, oats, etc.&; Wholegrains are the seeds or grains of plants like wheat, corn, barley, rye, rice, oats and quinoa. In their unprocessed form, wholegrains contain three layers 1) The bran is the tough fibre-rich outer shell; 2) The endosperm is the starchy middle part; 3) The germ is the nutrient-rich inner part, containing vitamins, minerals, healthy fats, vitamin E and polyphenols that have anti-inflammatory properties. If grains are processed to make foods like bread and pasta they are only consider whole grams if all three parts of the grain remain in the final product.